For the US-based 802.11a/n/ac standard, the 5 GHz unlicensed band covers 300 MHz of spectrum and supports 12 channels. APs perform rogue detection by periodically scanning all country-specific channels (channel scanning) for rogue APs. Table 3-4 provides a summary of the various functions of the devices in the system. However, to use the new channels radios must comply with the DFS and TPC features that are part of the 802.11h specification. The modulation technique allowed in OFDM is more efficient than spread spectrum techniques used with 802.11b. We'll send you an email containing your password. Keep in mind that designing for low noise background is as important as relatively high energy density within cells. As a result, there is no "one-size-fits-all" template for the majority of requirements and environments. If they can validate the message hash and confirm that it belongs to the same RF group, the packet is sent to the controller; otherwise, the AP drops the neighbor packet. This might result in adjacent APs being on the same channel. The higher frequ… For more information, see Radio Resource Management.

APs are constantly scanning all channels looking for major sources of interference.

Note For more information, see the Cisco Wireless LAN Controller Configuration Guide, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/controller/7.3/configuration/guide/b_cg73.html. But when making your estimation for AP separation be sure to factor in objects that affect RF coverage such as wall densities, machinery, elevators, or even open spaces with steel cages. Following the RF channel assignment is the section for assigning the transmit (tx) power level (see Figure 3-17). This can reduce the exposure of wireless network to hackers outside the building or coverage area and avoid a compromise of the wireless network.

The difference is in the pattern in which the APs are laid out, and the amount of RF overlap in the coverage area. Therefore, the data rate (and power level) affects coverage and consequently the number of APs required for the installation for different data rates, as illustrated in Figure 3-8. Those responsible for implementing these technologies must be able to make an educated choice between deploying 2.4 GHz-only networks, 5 GHz-only networks, or a combination of both. Table 3-2 lists the various 802.11b/g channel frequencies and specifies whether a regulatory agency allows their use in their domain.

Range is generally affected by a factor of a 30 percent increase (approximately) for every halving of data rate. Data rates affect AP coverage areas. For more information on different types of network deployments, see: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/voice_ip_comm/cuipph/7925g/7_0/english/deployment/guide/7925dply.pdf, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/vowlan/troubleshooting/8_Site_Survey_RF_Design_Valid.html, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/7920/site_survey/guide/survovr.html, http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/education/cisco_wlan_design_guide.pdf, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/technology/mesh/7.3/design/guide/Mesh_chapter_0100.html, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/solutions/Enterprise/Mobility/wifich5.html. As of today, there are no vendors shipping products to work in these new spaces. Alternatively, APs can be co-located using channels 1, 6, and 11 to deliver 33 Mbps bandwidth to a single area (but only 11 Mbps to a single client). This basically defines a cell as a collision domain. RRM attempts to balance APs so that they see their neighbors at -65 dBm. You can set each data rate to one of three modes: •Mandatory—Allows transmission at this rate for all packets, both unicast and multicast. The lower the data rate, the greater the reliability and range for a given power setting. 2Jackman, S., Swartz, M., et al.

•The number of APs depends on coverage and throughput requirements, which can vary. The lower frequencies exhibit better range, but with limited bandwidth and thus lower data rates. This is caused by the 802.11 MAC sensing that the channel is busy, and deferring sending frames until the channel has become free. The 802.11n spec allows for the optional use of 40 MHz channels on the 2.4 GHz band, by bonding two adjacent channels together. The APs transmit RRM neighbor data packets at full power at regular intervals (neighbor data packets include information about the signal strength and radio elements in the environment). There is a direct correlation between data rates, range, and reliability. There is a direct correlation between data rates, range, and reliability. Keep in mind that it is logarithmic, meaning that it increases or decreases exponentially and not linearly, and it is a ratio of a given value to a reference.

Operating in the unlicensed portion of the 5 GHz radio band, 802.11a is immune to interference from devices that operate in the 2.4 GHz band, such as microwave ovens, many cordless phones, and Bluetooth (a short-range, low-speed, point-to-point, personal-area-network wireless standard). Creating 40 MHz, and larger channels involve bonding multiple neighboring channels together. This allows the WLC to dynamically change the channel number and transmit power as determined by RRM. Multiple clients associated to the AP can have different transmission rates, depending on interference, obstacles, or their distance from the AP. So, taking into consideration the example previously given in the dB section, if the power jumped from 1 mW to 100mW at the radio, the power level would jump from 0 dBm to 20 dBm. Each controller is configured with an RF network group name (called RF Network Name under the WLC Controller -> General menu). The 5 GHz band is much larger (over 555 MHz, semi-contiguous), so selecting independent channels and using larger widths via bonding neighboring channels is much simpler. Graphical heat maps help IT staff visualize anticipated wireless LAN behavior for easier planning and faster rollout.

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